Bolivia: Lake Titicaca

The most prominent feature of the Altiplano is the large lake at its northern end, Lake Titicaca. At 3,810m above sea level, it is the highest commercially navigable body of water in the world. With a surface area of 9,064km, it is larger than Puerto Rico and is South America's largest lake. Lake Titicaca is also deep, about 370m at its maximum, but with an average depth of 215m; its volume of water is large enough to maintain a constant temperature of 10°C. The lake actually moderates the climate for a considerable distance around it, making crops of maize and wheat possible in sheltered areas.

Lake Titicaca drains southward through the slow-moving, reed-filled Desaguadero River to Lake Poopó. In contrast to the freshwater Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó is salty and shallow, with depths seldom more than four meters. Because it is totally dependent on seasonal rainfall and the overflow from Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó's size varies considerably. Several times in the twentieth century, it nearly dried up when rainfall was low or the Desaguadero River silted. In years of heavy rainfall, however, Lake Poopó has overflowed to the west, filling the Coipasa Saltpan with shallow water.
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Bolivian Climate

Although Bolivia lies entirely within tropical latitudes, climatic conditions vary widely from tropical in the lowlands to polar in the highest parts of the Andes. Temperatures depend primarily on elevation and show little seasonal variation. In most locations, rainfall is heaviest during the Southern Hemisphere summer, and yearly amounts tend to decrease from north to south.

Northern lowland areas have a tropical wet climate with year-round high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. Daytime highs average more than 30° C all year in most locations. The rain-bearing northeast trade winds, blowing across the Amazon Basin, bring significant rainfall amounts. Rain often falls in brief thunderstorms, sometimes accompanied by strong winds and hail.

Central lowland areas have a tropical wet and dry climate. From October through April, northeast trade winds predominate, and the weather is hot, humid, and rainy. From May through September, however, dry southeast trade winds take control, and precipitation is minimal. During this season, clear days and cloudless nights allow for higher daily maximums and lower nightly minimums than occur during the rainy season. Occasional incursions of strong winds from the south, called surazos, can reach this region during winter and bring cool temperatures for several days.

The Chaco has a semitropical, semiarid climate. The northeast trade winds bring rain and hot humid conditions only from January through March; the other months are dry with hot days and cool nights. Bolivia's highest maximum temperature, 47° C, was recorded here. Surazos also affect the Chaco; their approach is usually signaled by a squall line.

Temperatures and rainfall amounts in mountain areas vary considerably. The Yungas, where the moist northeast trade winds are pushed up by the mountains, is the cloudiest, most humid, and rainiest area, receiving up to 152 centimeters annually. Sheltered valleys and basins throughout the Cordillera Oriental have mild temperatures and moderate rainfall amounts, averaging from 64 to 76 centimeters annually. Temperatures drop with increasing elevation, however. Snowfall is possible at elevations above 2,000 meters, and the permanent snow line is at 4,600 meters. Areas over 5,500 meters have a polar climate, with glaciated zones. The Cordillera Occidental is a high desert with cold, windswept peaks.

The Altiplano, which also is swept by strong, cold winds, has an arid, chilly climate, with sharp differences in daily temperature and decreasing amounts of rainfall from north to south. Average highs during the day range from 15°C to 20°C, but in the summer tropical sun, temperatures may exceed 27° C. After nightfall, however, the thin air retains little heat, and temperatures rapidly drop to just above freezing. Lake Titicaca exerts a moderating influence, but even on its shores, frosts occur in almost every month, and snow is not uncommon.

Bolivian Language, Society & Culture

Language

Spanish is the main and official language of Bolivia. However there are some 39 other living languages used in the country spoken by people in different regions. Examples include Aymara, Chiquitano, Chiriguano and Guyara. Some 50% of the population have an indigenous language as their mother tongue.

Bolivian Spanish as a result of mixing with its indigenous rivals differs from region to region. The vocabulary and pronunciation differs according to where in Bolivia you are, i.e. highlands (Altiplano and valleys) or the lowlands (Santa Cruz, Beni and Pando).

Religion

Most Bolivians are born into Roman Catholicism. Religion tends to be a female dominated activity in terms of attending church and the lie. Catholicism to some extent has been “localized” as it became intertwined with local folklore and customs in its early years of taking root in the country.

The Family

The family is the axis of the social life and structure. Families are very tight knit and in rural areas, many generations still often live together in one house. The extended family or “familia” serves as a strong support and network system. Roles within the family are very traditional – “Machismo” is very much alive. The wife is generally responsible for domestic duties whereas the husband with be the bread winner. The machismo mentality often translates into a feeling of male superiority and a strong sense of honor which means maintaining face/dignity at all cost.

Geography of Bolivia

At 424,135 mi² (1,098,580 km²[1]), Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country (after Ethiopia). It is comparable in size to Mauritania, and is half again as large as the US state of Texas.

Bolivia is a landlocked nation; it lost its connection to the Pacific coast in the War of the Pacific in 1879. However, it does have access to the Atlantic via the Paraguay river. The west of Bolivia is situated in the Andes mountain range, with the highest peak, Nevado Del Sajama at 6,542 metres (21,463 ft) located at the department of Oruro. The landscape encompasses many different backgrounds, which provide a beautiful view in one of the most incredible natural experiences one can experience. The west of the country is formed by a highland plateau, the Altiplano. The east of the country is lowland, and covered by the Amazonian rainforests. Lake Titicaca is located on the border between Bolivia and Peru. In the west, in the department of Potosí, lies the Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt flat.

Major cities are La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.

New Light on Bolivian Cultural Heritage

New Light on Bolivian Cultural Heritage: Finnish university experts give a face to the ancient Tiwanaku people (400-1050 A.D.)

Joe Brady/Virtual Finland

“Now we know what the Tiwanaku people looked like,” Professor Martti Pärssinen, director of the South Central Andean Cultural Heritage Project of the University of Helsinki, told a group of experts assembled in the French Embassy in Bolivia on October 23 and 24, 2004.

Photo: Antti Korpisaari

A pair of condor-shaped vessels representing the many animal-shaped ceramics found in Pariti in 2004.

In this meeting in La Paz, sponsored by the Finnish and French Ministries for Foreign Affairs, the most spectacular news was the discovery of an ancient Tiwanaku ceramics offering on the small island of Pariti in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.

The discovery was made during a short fieldwork period in August 2004. The work was conduced by Antti Korpisaari MA and Jedú Sagárnaga Lic., members of a Finnish-Bolivian research team.

In a test pit excavated by Korpisaari some 300 kilos of broken ceramics were found. They had been deposited in the circular pit that was approximately 70 cm in diameter. The pit was discovered at a depth of about 130 cm below present surface level and it terminated close to groundwater level, at a depth of 310 cm.

According to Dr. Högne Jungner, director of the Dating Laboratory of the University of Helsinki, the six recovered radiocarbon samples demonstrate that the offering was made approximately between 850 and 1050 A.D.

Photo: Antti Korpisaari A portrait vessel representing a man adorned with a lip plug (tembeta) and earplugs.

Photo: Antti Korpisaari A ceramic head from Pariti representing a man with a hole for a lip plug (tembeta).

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Uncovering a Niche Market: Bolivian Organic Foods

Sure, the big business news from Bolivia right now include problems with LAB, problems with Repsol, problems with El Mutún, problems with clothing imports and promises from Petrobras...Overlyy negative stuff.

However, I thought it would beworthwhilee to look at an interesting and positive news item in today's La Razón. Chapare Exporta, the agribusiness company founded by Miguel Zambrana[1] 15 years ago, has just begun banana exports to Europe. A historic landmark for a small Bolivian company given the strict agricultural protections common in the European Union. According to Zambrana the European market for bananas and its derivatesurpasseses $US 5.000 million a year, the objective of the company is to capture 10 percent of that market in the next few years. Bolivian banana exports currently cover 30-40 percent of thArgentineanan market, and with quotas and other trade barriers ineighborur countries expanding to European, Asian and North American markets seems a logical step.

On a similar step, other Bolivian agricultural companies are striving to promote their products abroad and enter new markets. Fourteen such companies will be exposing their products in the BioFach 2006 fair [2], in Nuremberg, Germany, in the next few days. Products promoted include organic quinoa, coffee, tea, medicinal herbs, dehydrated fruits, and others. Some of the companies include: Anapqui, Andean Valley S.A, AOPEB, BioCrush S.A, Coronilla S.A., El Ceibo Ltda. Irupana AOF and Hahenmann Labs.

Bolivian companies specializing in agricultural and organic products will also be present in other upcoming trade fairs, including Foodex in Japan, Agroexpo in Colombia, Interzum in Germany and Fancy Foods Show in the US.

A so it goes, slowly but surely Bolivian private enterprise has found a niche in selling high quality organic foods internationally. If only we had more free trade agreements.

Notes:

[1] Some may remember Mr. Miguel Zambrana for his daring attempt of suing then congressman and sindicate strong-man Evo Morales and other MAS nomenklatura for damages caused by the constant blockades in el Chapare in past years. Week long blockades derived in months worth of production rotting in trucks on their way to Argentina, contracts being defaulted and other losses. It's surprising to see how Chapare Exporta has recovered.

[2] For a complete listing and contact addresses of many of the companies cited here, click on this link.